Astrophysics for People in a Hurry (Astrophysics for People in a Hurry Series) by Neil de Grasse Tyson
Author:Neil de Grasse Tyson [de Grasse Tyson, Neil]
Language: eng
Format: azw3
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
Published: 2017-05-02T00:00:00+00:00
Aluminum occupies nearly ten percent of Earthâs crust yet was unknown to the ancients and unfamiliar to our great-grandparents. The element was not isolated and identified until 1827 and did not enter common household use until the late 1960s, when tin cans and tin foil yielded to aluminum cans and, of course, aluminum foil. (Iâd bet most old people you know still call the stuff tin foil.) Polished aluminum makes a near-perfect reflector of visible light and is the coating of choice for nearly all telescope mirrors today.
Titanium is 1.7 times denser than aluminum, but itâs more than twice as strong. So titanium, the ninth most abundant element in Earthâs crust, has become a modern darling for many applications, such as military aircraft components and prosthetics that require a light, strong metal for their tasks.
In most cosmic places, the number of oxygen atoms exceeds that of carbon. After every carbon atom has latched onto the available oxygen atoms (forming carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide), the leftover oxygen bonds with other things, like titanium. The spectra of red stars are riddled with features traceable to titanium oxide, which itself is no stranger to stars on Earth: star sapphires and rubies owe their radiant asterisms to titanium oxide impurities in their crystal lattice. Furthermore, the white paint used for telescope domes features titanium oxide, which happens to be highly reflective in the infrared part of the spectrum, greatly reducing the heat accumulated from sunlight in the air surrounding the telescope. At nightfall, with the dome open, the air temperature near the telescope rapidly equals the temperature of the nighttime air, allowing light from stars and other cosmic objects to be sharp and clear. And, while not directly named for a cosmic object, titanium derives from the Titans of Greek mythology; Titan is Saturnâs largest moon.
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